How to Read Your Glasses Prescription: A Plain-English Guide
You have just had an eye test, and you are holding a small slip of paper covered in numbers, plus and minus signs, and abbreviations like SPH, CYL and AXIS. It can look like a secret code. The good news is that it is far simpler than it appears. Once you know what each part means, you will be able to read your own glasses prescription with confidence.
This guide explains every number and term in plain English, with a real example to walk through. Whether you are choosing new glasses, comparing options, or simply curious about what your eyes need, you will know exactly what you are looking at by the end.
And if anything still looks unclear, we are always happy to talk it through. You can book an eye examination or call us on 020 7586 5508.
What a glasses prescription actually looks like
Most prescriptions are laid out as a small grid. Each row is for one eye, and each column is a different measurement. Here is a typical example:
| SPH | CYL | AXIS | ADD | |
| Right (R / OD) | -2.00 | -0.50 | 180 | +2.00 |
| Left (L / OS) | -2.25 | -0.75 | 175 | +2.00 |
At first glance, it is a wall of numbers. But each column answers one simple question about your eyes. Let us take them one at a time.
The terms, decoded
R and L (or OD and OS)
These simply tell you which eye. R is your right eye, and L is your left. You may also see the Latin versions: OD (oculus dexter) for the right eye and OS (oculus sinister) for the left. It is completely normal for your two eyes to need slightly different corrections.
SPH (sphere)
This is the main strength of your lens, measured in units called dioptres (D). The sign in front matters:
- A minus sign means you are short-sighted (myopia), so distant things look blurry.
- A plus sign means you are long-sighted (hyperopia), so close-up things are harder to focus on.
In our example, the right eye is -2.00, so this person is mildly short-sighted.
CYL (cylinder) and AXIS
These two always come as a pair, and they only appear if you have astigmatism. Astigmatism simply means your eye is shaped a little more like a rugby ball than a football, which can blur vision at any distance.
- CYL is how much correction your astigmatism needs.
- AXIS is the direction of that correction, written as an angle between 1 and 180 degrees, telling the lab which way to set the lens.
If both boxes are blank, you do not have astigmatism, which is perfectly normal.
ADD (addition)
This is extra magnifying power for close work such as reading. It usually appears once you reach your forties, when near focus naturally becomes harder, a change called presbyopia. The ADD is added on top of your distance prescription, and it is what makes reading glasses, bifocals and varifocals possible. It is usually the same figure for both eyes.
Prism and base
Most people will never see these, so do not worry if yours are blank. Prism is used when the eyes do not quite line up together, helping them work as a pair. Base tells the lab which way the prism points, shown as BU (base up), BD (base down), BI (base in) or BO (base out).
PD (pupillary distance)
PD is the distance between the centres of your pupils, in millimetres, and it helps centre your lenses correctly. You may not actually see a PD on your prescription because it is not formally part of it. In practice, your optician usually measures it when your glasses are made, partly because it depends on the frame you choose. If you are buying glasses, your dispensing optician will take care of this for you.
What your numbers tell you about your eyes
Once you can read the boxes, your prescription tells a little story about your vision:
- A minus SPH means short-sightedness: clear up close, blurry far away.
- A plus SPH means long-sightedness: more effort to focus on near tasks.
- CYL and AXIS values mean astigmatism, which is very common and easily corrected.
- An ADD value means you would benefit from reading help and possibly varifocals.
Many people have a mix of these, and that is completely normal.
Reading our example all together, then: this person is mildly short-sighted with a little astigmatism in both eyes, and the +2.00 ADD shows they also need help for reading. In practice, that combination usually points towards varifocals, so they can see clearly at distance and up close without swapping pairs.
Is my prescription strong? A rough guide
There is no official line between weak and strong, but as a very rough guide for your SPH, the main lens power:
- Up to about 2.00 D is usually considered mild.
- Around 2.25 to 5.00 D is moderate.
- Above roughly 5.00 D is higher, and thinner lens options become well worth considering.
Astigmatism, your CYL, is judged on a different and lower scale, so a CYL figure that looks small can still be quite significant. It is best read alongside the rest of your prescription rather than on its own.
In truth, the numbers alone do not tell you all that much without context. What really matters is how your eyes work together and how you see day to day, which is why we would always talk it through with you in person. The right lenses can also make even a strong prescription look slender and feel light.
Distance, reading or varifocal?
Your prescription also hints at the type of glasses that will suit you:
- Distance glasses use your SPH and CYL, if present, to sharpen far vision.
- Reading glasses combine your distance figures with the ADD for close work.
- Varifocals or bifocals put distance and near correction into one lens, so you do not need to switch pairs.
If you are not sure which is right for you, that is exactly the kind of thing we help with when you choose your glasses.
Why an accurate prescription matters
A prescription is only as good as the eye test behind it. A figure that is even slightly out can leave you with headaches, tired eyes, or glasses that never feel quite right. It is something we hear often from people who come to us after a rushed appointment elsewhere. Our guide on getting accurate eye test results explains what makes the difference.
Getting it right is what we are known for. Every eye examination at Perspective lasts a full 45 minutes and includes an Optomap retinal scan, and we take real care over the fine detail of your prescription, especially if you have struggled with it before. As a Seiko lens specialist, we can then match that prescription to lenses made precisely for your eyes and your frames.
If your current glasses have never felt right, bring them in along with your prescription and let us take a proper look. There is no pressure, just an honest second opinion. Get in touch whenever it suits you.
Can I use my prescription anywhere?
Yes. After a sight test, you are entitled to a copy of your prescription, and you can take it wherever you like to buy glasses. Many of our clients come to us purely for the eyewear and styling, bringing a prescription from another optician. We are always happy to check it is current as part of helping you choose, and you will find over 600 hand-picked frames to explore, plus a welcome offer of £50 off your first pair.
Your glasses prescription questions, answered
How long is a glasses prescription valid?
Two years is the standard if you are ordering from a general or online retailer. A registered optician can still dispense glasses against an older prescription if they judge it appropriate, and your optometrist may set a shorter period depending on your eyes. Either way, a fresh eye test keeps both your vision and your eye health in check.
Is a glasses prescription the same as a contact lens prescription?
No. They are measured differently because contact lenses sit directly on the eye. If you would like contact lenses, you will need a separate contact lens fitting.
Why are my two eyes different?
That is very common. Each eye is measured separately, and most people have at least a small difference between them.
My prescription has no CYL or ADD. Is something missing?
Not at all. Blank boxes simply mean you do not need that particular correction. A simple prescription is a good thing.
Can children have prescriptions too?
Yes. Children’s eyes are tested in the same way, and catching changes early really matters. We offer children’s eye examinations and myopia management to help slow short-sightedness as they grow.
Ready for a clear, unhurried eye test?
Your prescription is not a secret code. It is a clear summary of what your eyes need. If you would like it explained in person, or you are ready for a fresh, unhurried eye test, we would love to help. Book your appointment online or call 020 7586 5508.
For further independent reading, the College of Optometrists runs Look After Your Eyes, a helpful public guide to eye health and prescriptions.











